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On July 23, 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is expected to release a highly anticipated advisory opinion on states’ legal obligations regarding climate change. The decision could influence how countries are held accountable for carbon emissions and environmental harm.
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The ICJ has heard arguments from over 60 countries. Small island nations and developing economies have urged the court to declare that high-emitting states have a legal duty to reduce emissions and support vulnerable nations financially. More industrialized nations have argued for interpretations consistent with existing treaties like the Paris Agreement.
